The road to hell is paved with good intentions, as they say. So too is the expressway that leads to failed business transactions, including the acquisition and sale of dental practices. Purchasers and sellers may agree in principle to the broad outlines – or even specific details - of a practice acquisition, and often put the terms of such tentative agreement into a document called a “letter of intent.” But if negotiations then go south, and one party wants out of the putative deal, can the other party enforce such a document?
Also sometimes called a memorandum of understanding or term sheet, a letter of intent is a strange legal animal. It isn’t exactly a contract, but a judge and Illinois law may treat a letter of intent as an enforceable agreement if the parties intended to be bound by it and it contains the material terms of the proposed transaction. Other times, a letter of intent may be held to be simply an “agreement to agree” sometime in the future rather than a legally binding and enforceable contract.
If you are in the early stages of a potential dental practice asset or equity purchase or sale and seem to be on the same page with your counterpart, here is what you need to know about any proposed letter of intent.
Intent to Be Bound
It may sound like circular logic, but determining whether a letter of intent will be enforced like a contract depends on determining the intent of the letter. As the
Illinois Supreme Court
put it, “although letters of intent may be enforceable, such letters are not necessarily enforceable unless the parties intend them to be contractually binding.”
A judge will decide whether the parties intended the letter to be a binding contract by examining the language of the letter, as well as the circumstances surrounding its negotiation, preparation, and execution.
That is why parties entering into a letter of intent for the purchase of a dental practice should clearly spell out whether they intend for the document to create enforceable obligations. By including clear and concise language that states explicitly whether the letter is to be treated as a binding contract or merely an “agreement to agree,” the parties can spare themselves the time, costs, and risk of having a judge make that decision for them.
That is why it is generally best that a letter of intent contains certain provisions that are explicitly non-binding (though allowing for further negotiation) and certain provisions that are binding and enforceable regardless of the outcome of the proposed deal, such as confidentiality and the removal of the practice from the market during the negotiations.
Material Terms Must Be Included
Even if the purchaser and seller expressly intend for their letter of intent to be binding and enforceable, an Illinois court will not enforce any such letter unless it contains all material terms of the deal. After all, it is hard to enforce the parties’ obligations when the parties themselves have not identified those obligations.
For dental practice sales and acquisitions, the parties to a letter of intent should include essential and material terms such as:
- The purchase price.
- Whether the purchase is of the practice’s equity or assets.
- The assets to be purchased and those to be excluded.
- The treatment of accounts receivable (AR), including whether the practice’s AR is part of the purchase and whether any discounts will be applied.
- Who is responsible for existing debt, liability, and patient credits.
- The terms of any non-compete or non-solicitation agreements to be part of the transaction.
- Any existing lease agreements and whether the sale of the practice is contingent upon successful assignment or execution of a new lease for the office space.
- Terms for patient retreatments, including who is responsible for retreating patients and how much the purchaser will earn if they perform the work.
- The access the prospective purchaser will have to the practice’s books to conduct financial and clinical due diligence.
- An exclusivity provision stating that the selling dentist agrees to cease all conversations and negotiations with other potential buyers.
- Any employment arrangements with the selling dentist or their staff.
- An expiration date for the letter of intent.
If you are considering buying or selling a dental practice in Illinois, a letter of intent can be a useful tool during negotiations. But if not carefully and precisely drafted to reflect both parties' mutual intentions, it may not accomplish either party’s goals.
We Focus on You So You Can Focus on Your Patients
At Grogan Hesse & Uditsky, P.C., we focus a substantial part of our practice on providing exceptional legal services for dentists and dental practices, as well as orthodontists, periodontists, endodontists, pediatric dentists, and oral surgeons. We bring unique insights and deep commitment to protecting the interests of dental professionals and their practices and welcome the opportunity to work with you.
Please call us at (630) 833-5533 or
contact us
online to arrange for your free initial consultation.
Jordan Uditsky, an accomplished businessman and seasoned attorney, combines his experience as a legal counselor and successful entrepreneur to advise dentists and other business owners in the Chicago area. Jordan grew up in a dental family, with his father, grandfather, and sister each owning their own dental practices. This blend of legal, business, and personal experience provides Jordan with unique insight into his clients’ needs, concerns, and goals.